Die Lagerhaltung
The term camp is used, in order to designate the following circumstances:
- a place, at which articles are kept, see Warenlager
- in geology a stored ore or rock formation, see stores
- a place, at which humans live temporarily, see camp (Camp) or also refugee camp
- as short form a concentration camp or a camp (e.g. Gulag)
- Camp (mountain hut), a sleep place on mountain huts, which are not an own bed
- in the building industry a construction unit, which takes up and to a supporting element transfers a resting, see camp (building industry)
- in mechanical engineering a construction unit, which takes up itself a swinging or turning element, see camp (mechanical component) and/or category: Camp (technology)
- in the technical mechanics an abstract model of the camp, see storage (mechanics)
- in the policy the whole of the trailers of a world view (political camp)
- beer places, see Lagerbier
- in South German regions a hut of children built (usually by pallets, crates, waste wood)
Storekeeping means the intended interruption of the operational flow of material, i.e. consciously formed existence develop. The storekeeping requires a camp, i.e. an area, a building or an area, in which goods or goods can be kept.
A camp takes over a number of different functions.
For camps with special security is also - originally from Arab military affairs coming - the expression magazine.
Functions of the storekeeping
If the procurement quantity is larger than the output, then by the balance function the material redundant for production is stored. A camp can therefore, when buffers are used, in order to compensate fluctuations of the purchase and/or sales sale.
With the supply or assortment function the storekeeping contributes to a continuity in the assortment. To that extent the supply function supplements the balance function, since thereby the parts of the assortment, where discrepancy between procurement and sales exists, are bridged.
With the security function the camp serves production for the Sicherstellung, if insufficiently information is over future Mengenbedarfe, supply and need times in the enterprise present. This can be the case, if products, which are coined/shaped by delivery bottlenecks and/or seasonal fluctuations, must be procured.
The improving function is called also production function of the camp, which makes possible only a following processing. An improving function develops, if the storage causes a change of the product and part of the production process (ex.: Wine, cheese, wood, whisky, Bourbon,…) is.
Reasons for the speculation function of the storage can be foreseeable extreme price fluctuations on the procurement market or particularly low cost prices. In addition can be speculated to the discounts received thereby by the order of large quantities and in camp commodity. However this can affect itself with a price purge of the property also negatively, e.g. with hardware.
Among the environmental protection function those rank
- Cancelling and collection of re-usable packages and valuable material in the context of the “binary system” (DSD)
- Cancelling and collection of the old products for the again and/or further use, utilization and/or disposal
- secure storage of dangerous materials
- Fire protection measures in the camp.
Camp strategies and/or - proceed
With the Fifo principle (roofridge in - roofridge Out) the supplies stored first are also again first paged out. For the realization run shelves are often used. This principle is used, in order to avoid for example obsolescence or decay.
With the Lifo principle (load in - roofridge Out) the supplies stored last are first paged out. With this camp strategy module shelves are usually used, in order to make for example in case of the block storage fast access possible.
With the two further camp strategies, Hifo principle (Highest in - roofridge Out) and Lofo principle (Lowest in - roofridge Out) during the stock pile assignment the underlying in each case evaluation beginnings of the stored materials are considered.
With the FeFo principle (roofridge Expired - roofridge Out) the goods are stored, but paged out after the earliest existing expiration date of the load/the product again. This concerns above all the food trade.
Lagerarten
The organization of the camps can take place according to different criteria:
after the stock pile allocation
The planning of the stock level places must take place under the condition that the production points must be supplied sequentially with the necessary materials:
During the firm stock pile allocation for each article firm stock piles are made available, which are reserved for these articles only („same to same one “). The advantage is in the simple assignableness of the stock location. By the camp conditions varying in timing for each article is not used a part of the fixed assigned stock pile, whereby it comes to a bad extent of utilization of the storage capacity.
During the free (chaotic) stock pile allocation (open warehouse system) the articles at a free stock pile are stored. The storage takes place at will or after given parameters. An advantage of this method is that, if disturbances arise for example in a camp lane the same material can be taken by another camp lane. The largest advantage however is a very high extent of utilization of the storage capacity. In order to ensure the later access to the camp articles, however the stock piles must be documented exactly, this effected with a camp specialized map, which stores then the data in the EDP system. A disadvantage (risk) can develop, if danger materials (e.g. determined adhesives, process chemicals) are stored chaotically, since the possible interactions of materials are to be measured with incidents only with difficulty.
after the centralization degree
With the choice of stock level places it must be decided whether the camp is led central or decentralized. With the decision over the centralization degrees frequently the spatial aspect is decisive:
Central storekeeping means the spatial summary of all storekeeping functions and all stored materials under uniform line. The advantages, which result from the central storage, are an easement of the goods received, care, preservation, inventory determination and - examination. Further points are the small capital freeze of the circulating capital, smaller supplies and smaller space costs.
During the decentralized storekeeping the materials used at the place of the user are stored in the form of temporary storage facilities (buffer camp). The substantial advantages of this storage method are the higher flexibility, the more exact arrangement of the individual materials in the production areas and the shorter routes of transportation.
after the execution form
- Gas memory (camp for gases)
- Receiver, water tower (camp for liquids)
- Silo (camp for bulk material)
- Block camp, e.g. for containers
- Automatic warehouse and automatic small article camp
- Bonded warehouse
- Flat camp
- Floor camp
- High flat camp
- Paternoster lift camp
- Soil camp, e.g. for heavy goods
Stocks
A stock as such is at a certain time the quantity of a property in the camp. The following special existence are of importance:
Minimum stocks (in practice also safety stock amount or becomes outdated iron existence/reserve) are the stock, which may not be fallen below, in order to be able to maintain production/supply also in emergencies. “Minimum stocks” are different after material and/or supplier in the height. It covers generally the risk of the date or quality unfaithfulness of the supplier. With reaching the notifiable stock level by withdrawals from the stock with the automatic arrangement a message is triggered to the purchase for replenishment of the camp - by an order -. The notifiable stock level determines thus the due need time. See also: Sediment analysis, order policy
Notifiable stock level = daily requirement x procurements + minimum stocks
The maximum or maximum stocks is the existence, which may be maximally in the camp present, in order to prevent high costs and a high capital freeze.
Maximum existence = minimum stocks + incoming goods
optimal stock = the optimal existence makes a smooth flow chart possible and causes small storage costs. The optimal stock must be co-ordinated with the optimal order quantity.
Stock ratios
Goods employment = sale of goods (in piece) x purchase price
The supply intensity measures the relationship of the supplies to the conversion and/or to the operating ability.
The average stock indicates, how highly the supplies are average in the course of one financial year. It can be calculated as quantity size and/or as value.
Stock = yearly beginning inventory + 12 monthly existence/13
or
Stock = Marimalbestand + min the existence/2
The stock turnover indicates the relationship from consumption/time
unit and the average stock, and shows therefore how often a camp within a
certain time unit was completely filled and emptied. The characteristic
number can be determined quantity or related to value. Small values mean a
long period spent of the material in the camp and are an indication for
high safety stock amounts. These affect the capital freeze negatively.
The average duration of storage gives information over the situation in the camp and/or the development to the capital freeze in the camp. It points out thus, how long the supplies - and thus naturally also the capital needed for it - are on the average in the camp bound. The more briefly the duration of storage of a product/components so much the better, since storing the products/components can raise the price of running costs caused, place necessarily and this the products.
The camp interest rate indicates, how much per cent of interest costs the capital bound in the average stock during the average duration of storage.
Example:
20 pieces/0.23 pieces = 171 days
Average consumption per day = (goods employment/360 days) 42 pieces/360
days = 0.23 pieces
The provision with stocks ratio indicates the relationship of the number of the provided with stock to the total number of the constituted material positions.
The camp efficiency points the relationship of more used to available surface. The index covers both bottlenecks (overflow) and unsatisfactory extent of utilization (over-capacities) up.
The stock availability degree of the camp can on the average time interval between the demand requirement and the supply of the material (external stock availability degree) or on the average time interval between the instruction for the paging and the camp exit (internal stock availability degree) to be measured.
Special execution forms
Gases are stored in small quantities in gas bottles under pressure. For larger quantities storage in compressed gas tanks is usual. Besides gases can be stored also in liquefied form. Here however a refrigerant plant is necessary.
Liquids are stored in closed tanks.
The storage of explosives is subject to the explosive laws. It takes place in special shelters, which must have a certain minimum distance from other buildings. Frequently such camps in shut down quarries are furnished.
With camps for strongly radioactive substances it is to be noted that develop this warmth. Therefore such materials may not be stored too closely packed.
Nuclear fuel must be stored in principle in such a way that no nuclear nuclear chain reaction comes to conditions. Such substances are stored in containers, which force the necessary minimum distance to the next element.
Literature
- Refuge temple Meier: Inventory management in Supply chain. 2. Edition. North first EDT, 2006, Books on and, ISBN 3833450320
- Rainer weber: Stock management up-to-date with storekeeping. Renningen, 2003, expert publishing house, ISBN 3816922694
- Gerhard oil village: Stock management. Ludwigshafen, 2004, Kiehl, ISBN 3470541418
- Tungsten Fischer: Flow of material and logistics. Berlin, 2004, Springer, ISBN 3540401873
- Wolfgang Vry: Procurement and storekeeping. Ludwigshafen, 2004, Kiehl, ISBN 3470631271
- Camp planning, - organization and - optimization. WEKA Media GmbH, since 1999, ISBN 3-8111-6822-3 (collection of sheets with CD-ROM)
- Likes. Peter Stöckli: Master thesis The importance OF Financial reason in order ton support management, woman Mrs. (CH), University OF Wales
Quelle:www.wikipedia.org